Vestibular and Residue Rehabilitation Therapy : Programme Essentials

Paul W. Flint Md, FACS , in Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery , 2021

Vestibular Habituation Exercises

For most patients with positionally provoked symptoms, the primary goal is to extinguish residual pathologic responses after incomplete or disordered compensation. 68 The therapist identifies the typical movements that produce the most pronounced symptoms and provides the patient with a limited simply progressive program of exercises that reproduce these movements. Typically these are performed two to three times daily, with the duration and number of repetitions varying co-ordinate to the severity of the nausea or dizziness they produce. Patients are counseled that symptoms are aggravated by the exercises at first simply that gradual improvement will follow. Patients are ofttimes encouraged by experiencing short-term habituation at the end of an exercise session. If they can persevere with their plan, most patients will begin to note dramatic relief of positional vertigo within ii to half-dozen weeks.

There is obviously pregnant overlap betwixt these and the accommodation activities. Differences exist in the details of the techniques relative to speed, visual target, number of movements, and repetition. The underlying principle of habituation exercises is that of brief repeated exposures. This technique as well tin can exist used to reduce sensitivity to visual motion-provoked symptoms, although that is a more difficult task.

Book 3

Joseph J.H. Liang , ... Catharine H. Rankin , in Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (Second Edition), 2019

Abstract

Habituation is a behavioral miracle that is widely conserved throughout the creature kingdom. It is a course of not-associative learning defined as a decrement in response from a unmarried repeated stimulus. In this article, the characteristics of habituation are outlined and the scientific insights uncovered by studying diverse model systems are explored. We will also review the all-encompassing body of literature in habituation research in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Scientific investigations take unveiled many insights into the mechanisms of habituation, from the neurocircuits of different habituating behaviors to specific associated neurotransmitters. The underpinnings of habituation uncovered in these studies reveal that there are a variety of neural and molecular mechanisms of habituation.

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The Limbic Organization and the Hypothalamus—Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain

John Eastward. Hall PhD , in Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology , 2021

Importance of Reward or Punishment in Learning and Retentivity—Habituation Versus Reinforcement

Animal experiments have shown that a sensory experience that causes neither reward nor punishment is hardly remembered at all. Electrical recordings from the brain show that a newly experienced sensory stimulus about e'er excites multiple areas in the cerebral cortex. However, if the sensory experience does not elicit a sense of either reward or punishment, repetition of the stimulus over and over leads to almost complete extinction of the cerebral cortical response—that is, the creature becomeshabituated to that specific sensory stimulus and thereafter ignores information technology.

If the stimulusdoes cause reward or punishment rather than indifference, the cognitive cortical response becomes progressively more than and more intense during repeated stimulation instead of fading abroad, and the response is said to existreinforced. An beast builds up stiff retentiveness traces for sensations that are either rewarding or punishing just, conversely, develops consummate habituation to indifferent sensory stimuli.

Information technology is axiomatic that the advantage and punishment centers of the limbic system accept much to do with selecting the information that nosotros learn, normally throwing abroad more than 99% of it and selecting less than 1% for retention.

Habituation

R. Thompson , in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001

Habituation is divers as a decrement in response as a issue of repeated stimulation non due to peripheral processes like receptor accommodation or muscular fatigue. It is a process occurring inside the nervous system (in animals with nervous systems). Habituation is defined in more detail by a number of parametric properties, involving such factors equally stimulus frequency and intensity, spontaneous recovery of the habituated response, etc. Sensitization is defined equally an increase in response every bit a upshot of (ordinarily strong) stimulation. Habituation primarily refers to stimulus-response systems that are 'difficult-wired,' i.east., the stimulus elicits the response in the absence of any training, equally in reflexes, fixed action patterns, arousal, etc. In neural systems where analysis has been possible, habituation is due to synaptic depression; a decrease in probability of transmitter release at appropriate synapses within the habituating circuit, and sensitization is an increase in the probability of transmitter release, due either to intrinsic or extrinsic processes. In vertebrates, at least, dishabituation, the disruption of habituation due to a strong extra stimulus, appears to be an contained superimposed process of sensitization. Habituation (and sensitization) announced to be ubiquitous in the creature kingdom and are extremely adaptive processes.

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Cognitive Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

John Due east. Hall PhD , in Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology , 2021

Positive and Negative Retentivity—"Sensitization" or "Habituation" of Synaptic Transmission

Although we often remember of memories as existencepositive recollections of previous thoughts or experiences, probably the greater share of our memories isnegative, not positive. That is, our brain is inundated with sensory information from all our senses. If our minds attempted to remember all this information, the retentivity chapters of the brain would be chop-chop exceeded. Fortunately, the encephalon has the capability to ignore information that is of no consequence. This capability results frominhibition of the synaptic pathways for this type of information; the resulting effect is called habituation, which is a type ofnegative memory.

Conversely, for incoming data that causes important consequences such as pain or pleasure, the brain has a different automatic capability of enhancing and storing the memory traces, which ispositive memory. Information technology results fromfacilitation of the synaptic pathways, and the process is calledretention sensitization. As we discuss later, special areas in the basal limbic regions of the brain determine whether information is of import or unimportant and brand the hidden decision virtually whether to store the thought every bit asensitized retentivity trace or to suppress it.

Habituation

R.F. Thompson , in Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, 2010

Some of the basic properties of habituation were described in the classic works noted above. In 1966, Thompson and Spencer surveyed the by-then very extensive behavioral literature on habituation and identified some nine basic parametric properties or characteristics exhibited by behavioral habituation.

1.

Given that a particular stimulus elicits a response, repeated applications of the stimulus event in decreased response (habituation). The decrease is usually a negative exponential function of the number of stimulus presentations. Examples of response habitation tin can probably be institute in substantially all behavioral studies where a stimulus is regularly presented. In earlier experiments devoted to habituation, per se, parametric characteristics were studied for a variety of responses ranging from postrotatory nystagmus to startle and the galvanic skin response. With the exception of the knee joint jerk reflex, habituation was a consistent finding, unremarkably exhibiting an exponential course.

2.

If the stimulus is withheld, the response tends to recover over fourth dimension (spontaneous recovery). Spontaneous recovery has come to be the nearly mutual method of demonstrating that a given response decrement is an example of habituation. The time course of spontaneous recovery is markedly influenced past many variables and is not necessarily characteristic of a given response. Thus, the habituated startle response to sound in the intact rat may recover in 10   min or fail to recover in 24   h depending upon details of testing. Consequently, any categorization of the types of habituation based solely on recovery fourth dimension is probable to be somewhat artificial.

iii.

If repeated series of habituation training and spontaneous recovery are given, habituation becomes successively more rapid (this might be called potentiation of habituation). Konorski describes this effect for the orientating response, and it has been described in many studies where repeated habituation series were given.

four.

Other things being equal, the more rapid the frequency of stimulation, the more rapid and/or more pronounced habituation is. Numerous examples of this were noted in the before reflex studies also as in the piece of work past Welker on curiosity. The event occurs in terms of real time form and within sure limits in terms of the number of trials too.

5.

The weaker the stimulus, the more rapid and/or more pronounced habituation is. Strong stimuli may yield no significant habituation. This relationship is feature of nearly types of responses ranging from unproblematic reflexes to circuitous exploratory behavior.

half-dozen.

The effects of habituation preparation may proceed across the zero or asymptotic response level. Additional habituation grooming given afterwards the response has disappeared or reached a stable habituated level volition consequence in slower recovery. Although relatively few experiments have studied below-null habituation every bit such, the observations may exist viewed equally an extension of the human relationship between the number of stimulus presentations and caste of habituation. Zero response level is of course to some caste dependent upon the particular response measures used.

7.

The habituation of response to a given stimulus exhibits stimulus generalization to other stimuli. This has been observed in many studies using auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli.

8.

Presentation of some other (usually strong) stimulus results in recovery of the habituated response (dishabituation). This phenomenon appears to be every bit ubiquitous as habituation itself and is commonly used to demonstrate that habituation has occurred. Pavlov was perhaps the outset to draw this procedure (i.due east., disinhibition) in relation to an extinguished conditioned response (CR), and also applied it to the habituated orienting response. Humphrey studied dishabituation extensively in lower vertebrates. Essentially, all responses of mammals that tin be habituated tin can also exist dishabituated. Information technology is not always necessary for the dishabituatory stimulus to be strong. In fact, Sokolov reported that a decrease in the intensity of an auditory stimulus results in dishabituation of the habituated orienting response in humans. Dishabituation, viewed as neutralization of the process of habituation, has perhaps been the most important method of distinguishing between habituation and fatigue.

nine.

Upon repeated application of the dishabitutory stimulus, the amount of dishabituation produced habituates (this might be called habituation of dishabituation). Most studies of dishabituation (see above) have noted its habituation.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF HABITUATION

Richard F. Thompson , in Sensory Functions, 1981

Publisher Summary

Habituation and sensitization are maybe the simplest forms of behavioral plasticity and learning. They serve of import adaptive functions in beliefs. The assay of synaptic mechanisms of habituation has proceeded in several laboratories. Kandel and associates developed a monosynaptic model of habituation in Aplysia and showed the process to be a form of synaptic depression due to a decreased probability of transmitter release pre-synaptically. Dr. Kandel focused on the basic ionic and molecular mechanisms of habituation and sensitization in Aplysia. The importance of habituatory-like phenomena was recognized by pioneering scientists as Sherrington and Piéron. Current interest in habituation stems perhaps most directly from the of import and classical work of Eugene Due north. Sokolov on the orienting response.

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Habituation and Novelty

1000.A. Snyder , C.Grand. Torrence , in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 2008

Introduction

Habituation and novelty paradigms have been used for more than 50  years to written report perceptual and mnemonic processes in the homo babe. In the first part of this article we provide a cursory history and description of the different types of habituation and novelty procedures, critique the major theories and models of baby habituation and novelty preferences, and summarize major developmental trends and debates. In the second part of the commodity we review more than contempo advances in our understanding of habituation and novelty preferences using the methods of neuroscience that are now available, and provide a critical review of the fence over what kind of retention supports babe performance in these tasks.

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Visual Habituation and Response to Novelty in Infancy

John Colombo , ... Nicole Zieber , in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Babyhood Development (Second Edition), 2020

Habituation and the Novelty Response

Habituation is a type of learning that is manifest in virtually all organisms ( Rankin et al., 2009; Thompson and Spencer, 1966). Most forms of learning are "associative" in that they correspond the formation of linkages between stimuli or events through recurrent pairing or past being marked with environmental consequences such as reinforcement or punishment, just habituation represents a decline in response strength to a stimulus simply every bit a issue of repeated presentation of that stimulus (see Fig. ane). The most widely-cited theory for habituation (Sokolov, 1958) proposes that, with each successive presentation, the organism forms a progressively more than accurate memory for the stimulus, and is comparing the actual stimulus with the memory for it. When the memory trace is no longer discrepant from the bodily stimulus, the organism ceases to respond to it. Other processes such as arousal (Groves and Thompson, 1970) accept been invoked to contribute to habituation, but because behaviors like habituation can be observed in very elementary organisms (Boisseau et al., 2016), and fifty-fifty in unmarried neurons (McFadden and Koshland, 1990), it is of import to dissociate habituation from simpler processes such as adaptation, fatigue, or depletion when using habituation equally a model for legitimate forms of learning. The inclusion of protocols for this dissociation led to the use of novel stimuli post-obit habituation to exam the contribution or influence of these other processes, and thus inextricably tied habituation to the novelty response in the long history of the report of early cerebral development.

Effigy 1. Habituation functions for 3, 6, and 9 month old human infants derived from the Kansas Early Cognition Project (Colombo et al., 2004a). The amount of time that the baby spends visually fixating an unchanging confront is represented here, showing a conspicuously axiomatic pass up in visual response at each historic period. The elapsing of the infants' visual fixations (in seconds) is represented on the y-centrality, and trials on which the repeated presentation of are on the x-axis.

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Developmental Assembly of Multiple Components of Learning and Memory in Aplysia

Thomas J. Carew , in Neural Models of Plasticity, 1989

A Habituation

Habituation involves the progressive decrement in magnitude of a behavioral response produced by the repeated elicitation of that response. In our kickoff set of experiments we investigated the developmental timetable for habituation in the siphon withdrawal component of the reflex ( Rankin and Carew, 1987a). Nosotros institute that habituation of siphon withdrawal was nowadays in very early stages of juvenile evolution; notwithstanding, information technology existed in an immature form. In the youngest animals significant habituation could be produced only with very curt interstimulus intervals (ISIs). Withal, as the animals continued to develop, significant habituation could exist produced in response to progressively longer ISIs. Thus, in phase nine, pregnant habituation occurred in response to only a 1-sec ISI, but not to v- or 10-sec ISIs; in phase 10, to 1- and 5-sec ISIs, merely not to a 10-sec ISI; and in stage eleven, to all three ISIs. Moreover, even in later juvenile stages, farther maturation of habituation was axiomatic. For case, in response to a xxx-sec ISI, stage-12 animals evidence significantly less habituation than did developed animals to this same ISI. The early emergence of habituation and its gradual convergence to the developed range of constructive ISIs are depicted in Fig. 2.

Effigy 2. Comparison of the developmental timetables of behavioral habituation, dishabituation and sensitization and their cellular analogs. Several forms of nonassociative learning emerge in the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex at dissimilar times during juvenile evolution. Habituation and its cellular analog (homosynaptic decrement of EPSPs) emerge by stage 9; dishabituation and its analog (facilitation of decremented EPSPs) emerge in stage 10. Sensitization and its cellular analog (facilitation of nondecremented EPSPs) emerge much later (approximately 60 days), in mid to belatedly phase 12.

Although I have discussed the evolution of habituation in the context of learning, our results may besides provide some preliminary insights into the development of retention besides. The ISI function for habituation, for instance, can provide a rudimentary tool with which to assess a form of short-term retentivity. In order for an animal to habituate to a item stimulus, its nervous system must somehow register and shop the data indicating that a prior stimulus has occurred. Thus, the interval between stimuli that gives ascension to habituation can provide a measure out of the temporal property capacity (retentivity) of that system. Using the ISI function equally such an alphabetize, it appears that this form of brusque-term memory in Aplysia progressively develops throughout the entire juvenile period into the adult phase.

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